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Carmarthenshire Land Sailing Club COVID-19 Compliance Policy & Risk Assessment

28^th September 2020 Revision

Headline Changes

Law
Following amendments to both the Welsh and English COVID19 Regulations and the imposition of local lockdowns the following “headline changes have been introduced”.

Wales.
Local lockdowns exist in the Welsh council boroughs of :-

• Blaenau Gwent,
• Bridgend,
• Cardiff
• Llanelli (see additional details below)
• Merthyr Tydfil,
• Neath Port Talbot
• Newport,
• Rhondda Cynon Taff
• Swansea
• Torfaen
• Vale of Glamorgan

Detail of extent of Llanelli COVID19 boarder on the Pembrey side. The lighthouse roundabout on Pwll Road at the turning to Burry Port. This roundabout marks the extent of the Llanelli COVID19 local lockdown area.

Members are not allowed to travel outside of any locally locked down areas for the purpose of land sailing.

Groups of up to 30 people remain able to meet outdoors in Wales. This enables gatherings of up to 30 people outdoors only where these are organised and supervised by a responsible person for sports and other leisure activities and classes on any Welsh beach.

For Welsh Assembly Guidance :- https://gov.wales/local-lockdown.

Club
Travel to Pembrey and Pendine.

Anyone travelling to Pembrey or Pendine is requested by the committee to not stop in any area that is currently in a Local Lock Down. This effectively means that anyone travelling from England:-

• via the M4 should not stop on the M4 after Junction 23 (ie between 24 and 48) until the roundabout above.
• via the A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) should not stop after Abergavenny until the roundabout above.

Local shops to Pembrey are in Burry Port or the Nisa supermarket at SA16 0FG on Gwscwm Road. Fuel and gas is available at the Murco petrol station at SA16 0TA on Colby Road.

England
Local lockdown restrictions exist in England in the following areas of:-

• Greater Manchester.
• North East of England.
• North West of England.
• West Midlands.
• West Yorkshire.

For further guidance and specific locations for England see :- https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/local-restrictions-areas-with-an-outbreak-of-coronavirus-covid-19#areas-with-local-restrictions

Members are not allowed to travel outside of any locally locked down areas for the purpose of land sailing.

Groups of up to 6 people can meet outdoors in England. This limits gatherings to 6 people outdoors even where these are organized and supervised by a responsible person for sports and other leisure activities and classes.

For further guidance on Outdoor Sports in England see:- https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-on-phased-return-of-sport-and-recreation/guidance-for-providers-of-outdoor-facilities-on-the-phased-return-of-sport-and-recreation

Both the administrations of Wales and England have introduced legislation for track and tracing of visitors etc. CLSC already fulfils the requirements of this track and trace via all members being required to complete the online daily sailing equipment check list for each visit. This data is then retained for 21 days.

For further guidance on the requirements of track and trace in Wales :- https://gov.wales/keeping-records-staff-customers-and-visitors-test-trace-protect

Club

• Numbers are limited to 30 people at any one time on beaches in Wales
• Numbers are limited to 6 people at any one time on Beaches in England.
• Each member is required to complete the online daily sailing equipment checklist for each visit at any UK beach covered by CLSC.
• NO CLUB CAMPING IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ON PEMBREY. However individual camping on the main site can be booked by individuals.

Overview
Health Safety & Welfare Statement
Carmarthenshire Land Sailing Club (CLSC) places the health, safety and welfare of its members and the general public above all other considerations. This document sets out how CLSC will manage any foreseeable risk associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Some actions arising from this document will limit the club’s normal activities. However, these actions are required in order that the club may safely function during the pandemic.

Introduction
The Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has caused a global lockdown resulting in restrictions in movement from our homes, temporary closure of the area’s we used for our sport and social distance measures that has prevented large gatherings and how we interact with each other. As we navigate the reopening of land sailing it is clear that for now, we cannot go back to how it was and must follow government guide lines at all times.

In this document we are specifically addressing the risk associated with the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) within our own social group and into the public domain. COVID-19 is spread in minute water droplets that are expelled from the body through sneezing, coughing, talking and breathing (droplet and aerosolized transmission). The virus can also be transferred to the hands and from there, to other surfaces, where it can survive for a period after transfer (surface transmission). The virus can be spread from person to person.

The symptoms and diagnosis of Coronavirus (COVID-19) have been well publicised over the recent months, so everyone should have clear understanding of the main symptoms i.e. a new continuous cough, high temperature and a loss of small & taste. Although numerous other symptoms have been identified that potentially could be experienced. Coronavirus (COVID-19) can be asymptomatic (no symptoms), mild or severe/critical, and whilst many people survive the infection, some may die from the virus, so this is a significant hazard that we have to protect against.

Legislative Structure
CLSC is the largest land sailing club in the UK and is based in Wales. However, it has a membership that is drawn from all of the UK. This document is specifically written ONLY for beaches in Wales. The reason for this is that legislative structure within the UK devolves all responsibility for the management of COVID-19 legislation to the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) with the exception of boarder control.

Any member sailing on a Welsh beach must appreciate that they must comply to the guidance and rules as prescribed WAG and not those from the UK Parliament at Westminster

 

Who is at risk?

• Club member and their families
• Kindred club members and their families
• General Public

Those at specific risk.

Every person irrespective of age, sex and ethnic origin is at risk from COVID-19. However, it is known that some sections of the community have proven extremely vulnerable. Those clinically extremely vulnerable groups (who have received a letter from the Chief Medical Officer) are deemed to be at high risk.

These may include:

• Solid organ transplant recipients.
• People with specific cancers:
• People with cancer who are undergoing active chemotherapy
• People with lung cancer who are undergoing radical radiotherapy
• People with cancers of the blood or bone marrow such as leukaemia, lymphoma or myeloma who are at any stage of treatment.
• People having immunotherapy or other continuing antibody treatments for cancer
• People having other targeted cancer treatments which can affect the immune system, such as protein kinase inhibitors or PARP inhibitors.
• People who have had bone marrow or stem cell transplants in the last 6 months, or who are still taking immunosuppression drugs.
• People with severe respiratory conditions including all cystic fibrosis, severe asthma and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• People with rare diseases that significantly increase the risk of infections (such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), homozygous sickle cell).
• People on immunosuppression therapies sufficient to significantly increase risk of infection.
• Women who are pregnant with significant heart disease, congenital or acquired.
• Other people have also been classed as clinically extremely vulnerable, based on clinical judgement an assessment of their needs. GPs and hospital clinicians have been provided with guidance to support these decisions.
• Those above 70 years of age.

We would therefore recommend any of the above people continue to shield for as long as they are advised by the government and do not attend our social events to maintain protection for themselves.

How we can prevent/reduce the spread of COVID-19?

CLSC can have no effect on the severity of COVID-19. The only actions that the club can take are to reduce the likelihood of transmission. Eliminating the hazard in totality is the best way to prevent the spreading of COVID-19, but this is may not be possible until, for example, a suitable vaccine is developed on a global scale, so that we all are immune to it. Therefore, it is imperative that we consider other approaches and controls to help reduce the transmission of COVID-19.

CLSC are adopting control measures in line with the recognized hierarchy of controls for any risk ie we will adopt control measures that benefit the group prior to the use of PPE to protect the individual.

Covid-19 Pandemic Policy

In order to protect the health of all within our own club and into the public domain the information below provides guidance and direct instruction during the Coronavirus outbreak. This policy must be read and adhered to. If you have any concerns regarding the information within this document or issues if attending a meet, please contact a member of the committee.

General guidelines

• In the first instance always following the rules and guidelines of the government, local authorities, landowners or their representatives in the area you wish to land sail. This may also include traveling to and from the venue.
• Always maintain and respect the advised social distance measures of our club members and families.
• If you are approached by another member of the club, one of their friend or family or an interested member of the public that are ignoring any government advise on social distance measures or club rule and believe they may be placing others at risk politely advise them to step back to an appropriate safe distance.
• Avoid contact with anyone who is displaying symptoms of Coronavirus. The main symptoms include a high temperature or a new and continuous cough.
• If you are displaying any symptoms of Covid-19, in line with latest NHS Guidance, you should stay at home. Do not travel, land sail or attend any of the club meets.
• Wash your hands during the day on a regular basis – with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or use a hand sanitiser
• Avoid touching your face with unwashed hands.
• If you need to cough or sneeze, your mouth and nose should be covered with a tissue. The tissue must be disposed of within an enclosed waste bin and your hands must be thoroughly washed immediately afterwards.

Changes to the Club Rules.

The following changes to the club rules are being implemented to minimize the risk of transmission of the COVID19 virus.

Changes to land sailing rules

• To prevent unnecessary handling of the locks, handles, pens, books and arm bands you will no longer be required to sign the logbook in the container. However, you must ensure you complete your online daily sailing equipment check list, display you 2020 helmet sticker and carry your 2020 membership card as proof.
• The use of the club’s equipment has been suspended until further notice unless authorised and controlled by a member of the committee, again to prevent unnecessary handling.
• Do not share or touch anybody else’s equipment, if you have to it must be cleaned and disinfected afterwards.
• Coaching and teaching must not be carried out if the social distance measures cannot observed. Teaching and coaching of novice pilots is not allowed.
• Flying in high winds above 30 knots is curtailed.
• Only sail in low winds if proficient or you have assistance from those in the same social bubble.
• Only receive and give assistance to those in your own social bubble except where a greater risk is perceived.
• Do not assist or allow others to assist you the assembly etc of craft.

Club Organised Camping Events

• All camping must be booked through the CLSC channels.
• An attendance record will be kept of all attendees not just club members.
• If you start displaying any symptoms of Covid-19, in line with latest NHS Guidance, during the camping event you must immediately leave for home and seek a test. Whilst you are not obliged to inform anyone, we would request that you inform a member of the committee who is displaying the symptoms. This could help other individuals to take appropriate action if they need to stop the spread.
• If you are contacted by the “NHS Track & Trace” service and requested to self isolate for 14 days due to a previous contact again you must immediately leave for home even if you do not show any symptoms.
• If camping at Pembrey’s National Parks campsite, ensure you following their Covid-19 guidelines and instructions.
• If camping in the event fields, ensure when you set up you do not encroach on other members areas.
• Do not entre other members camping facilities, such as tents, camper and caravans. The clubs’ communal tents are not to be used.
• The communal BBQ has been suspended until further notice.
• Do not share other members or family’s chairs, tables or implements for cooking, eating and drinking.
• The sharing of food outside the family group is discouraged.
• The provision of toilets on the meets is suspended as the sanitation before and after use cannot be guaranteed. It also attracts members of the public where again the sanitation cannot be controlled. We would recommend members to provide their own facilities rather than use public facilities.
• To prevent the handling of cash we ask that all fees are paid to club via bank transfer to the NatWest account number 30082935 sort code 56-00-42.
• This policy and risk assessment is not exhaustive and as such we ask you all take a common sense approach and protect yourself and others. Please confirm you have read and understood the contents by completing the online form. We will inform all our members as and when this policy changes.

Communication and Review.
Communication to all CLSC members and wider audience.
This document will be communicated to all club members by all of the following methods: –

1. Sent directly to each club member via email.
2. Posted onto the CLSC members only Facebook page.
3. Posted onto the CLSC Facebook page.
4. Posted on a bespoke club notice board at every CLSC meeting. It will be in colour and plasticized.

Due to the ever-evolving nature of WAG guidance and our understanding of the virus CLSC will not be posting this in printed format to club members.

Review of COVID-19 controls and associated rules etc.

CLSC appreciates that the regular updating and review of its risk assessment and control measures is required due to the ever-evolving nature of WAG guidance and our understanding of the virus.

CLSC will formally review the R/A and club rules in the following events:-

• On a monthly basic
• In the event of a significant change to guidance or legislation from WAG.
• In the event of a local lock down.

So as ensure that it remains relevant and correct to the information and guidance known at the time. The R/A will also be reviewed after every CLSC meeting so that the experiences from the meeting can be used to strengthen the R/A and club rules.

All individuals including club members, friends and family are encouraged to provide feedback on the R/A and associated rules. The views of any other interested parties such as park staff, Carmarthenshire Council staff, national governing bodies (FISLEY, BKSA) and other similar organisations.( PKA, SWATK, WLYC etc).

Links to legislative  references

The links shown below are used as reference documents for the construction of this document. They will also be monitored to ensure the continued accuracy and relevance of this document

Primary reference
Guidance from WAG: –  https://gov.wales/coronavirus

Seconday reference
UK Government: –          https://www.gov.uk/coronavirus
Foreign Office: –          https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-travel-corridors                     

 

 

Risk Assessment									Ref no.	CLSC-RA-02.2
Activity		Parakart and land yacht sailing							Status	Approved
Location		Pembrey							Initial assess.	Daryl Kirk
Other		COVID19 Specific							Reviewed	July 2020
Assessed by		Rob Thomas				Generic			Next review	August 2020
Role		Health & Safety Assessor.				Specific		x	Version no.	02
Severity of Infection Injury or			Likelihood						Risk Rating
			1. Rare	2. Unlikely	3. Possible		4. Very Likely	5. Almost Certain
									Low Risk 1-8		No Further action Required
1	Low		1	2	3		4	5
2	Moderate		2	4	6		8	10	Medium Risk 9-15		Action Plan Required and Implemented Before Proceeding.
3	Medium		3	6	9		12	15
4	High		4	8	12		16	20	High Risk 16-25		Do Not Proceed
5	Very High		5	10	15		20	25

 

Activity	Transmission Method	Risk	Person at Risk		Existing Control Measures	Risk Rating			ACCEPT (Y or N)	Further control measures implemented from action plan –  re-score	New Risk Rating			ACCEPT (Y or N)
			Club Member	General Public		L  x   S  =  RR					L  x   S  =  RR
Arriving at site	Droplet & aerosolized.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	5	4	16	N	Only people from the same family or social bubble to travel in the same vehicle	1	4	4	Y
Craft assembly / disassembly	Droplet & aerosolized.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Pilot to assembly own craft with assistance from others only in the same social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Craft assembly / disassembly	Surface	Low risk	Yes	No	None	2	4	8	N	No sharing of equipment (tools)	0	4	0	Y
Mounting / Dismounting craft to trailer	Droplet & aerosolized.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Pilot to mount and dismount the craft from the trailer with assistance from others only in the same social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Signing in	Surface	Low risk	Yes	No	None	2	4	8	N	Do not sign in. Use the online equipment maintenance log as record of attendance and membership card as sailing permission.	0	4	0	Y
Changing into “wet weather clothing”	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	To change in vehicles and not in the container. Dry suits should not be worn unless no assistance is required with zips etc.	1	4	4	Y
Traversing to and from the carpark to beach.	Droplet & aerosolized.	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG	1	4	4	Y	Keep the social distance of 2 meters from the general public	1	4	4	Y
Traversing to and from the fly zone.	Droplet & aerosolized.	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG	1	4	4	Y	Walk beyond point “B” of the transition zone if it is heavily populated with other beach users to set up. We suggest that you walk up to point “A” the fly zone to the normal pit area to set up away from the main crowds.	1	4	4	Y
Use of pop up rain tents.	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	3	4	12	N	No entry into a tent that is not owned by a member of your social bubble	1	4	4	Y
Teaching novices	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	The teaching of novice members will not be allowed until further notice	0	4	0	Y
Use of club owned equipment	Surface	Low risk	Yes	No	Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	The use of the club’s equipment has been suspended until further notice unless authorised and controlled by a member of the committee, again to prevent unnecessary handling. If the use of the club equipment is authorised it must be used exclusively by the social bubble that books it out. It is not to be passed to others when booked out. Equipment to be disinfected prior to being stored away.	1	4	4	Y
Maintenance of equipment on the beach	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Maintenance of equipment only by those that own it or are in the same social bubble	1	4	4	Y
Refreshments	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Sanitizing.	3	4	12	N	Individuals should bring their own refreshments themselves. There should be no sharing of food, drinks or snacks etc. Cool bags etc should only be for those within a social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Smoking	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Sanitizing.	3	4	12	N	Individuals should bring their own cigarettes etc. There should be no sharing of cigarettes or rolling for others.	1	4	4	Y
Assembly and disassembly of mast & sails on land yachts	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Only individuals or those in the same social bubble to assist in assembly.	1	4	4	Y
Courses / racing	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	Y	No tight courses or racing is not currently allowed	0	4	0	Y
Cruising	Droplet & aerosolized.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG.   NB As the craft	1	4	4	Y	If in close proximity of other pilots/crafts in the same direction or overtaking keep at least 5 meters to the rear or to the side. If a pilot/craft are coming together from opposite directions both pilots to turn to the right to prevent any collisions.	0	4	0	Y
Sailing in high winds	Increased risk of incident.	Low risk	Yes	No	Reduction in kite/sail size as wind increases. Size depends on pilot skill, experience and capabilities	2	4	8	N	Flying in winds > 30 knots (constant) is not allowed until further notice	0	4	0	Y
Low wind sailing in land yachts	Surface	Low risk	Yes	No	Sanitizing	2	4	8	N	Only a pilot or someone from the same social bubble can start the forward motion of a craft.	1	4	4	Y
Low wind sailing in kite buggies	Surface	Low risk	Yes	No	Sanitizing	2	4	8	N	Only a pilot or someone from the same social can start assist in launching the kite	1	4	4	Y
Toppled yacht	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Only individuals or those in the same social bubble to assist in righting the craft.	1	4	4	Y
Twisted / downed kite	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Only individuals or those in the same social bubble to assist correcting the kite. Sand the kite down strip and re-assemble if required	1	4	4	Y
Packing kite away	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	If difficulties occur in packing kites away then sand down to assist or gain help from someone in the same social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
First aid (grazes & cuts)	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Individuals to undertake their own minor first aid.	1	4	4	Y
First aid (grazes & cuts)	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Use mitigation for lack of social distancing. Ie face masks for all, use of hand sanitiser, antibacterial wipes, disinfectants etc.	1	4	4	Y
Not used	Not used				Not used					Not used
Items detailed below are related to overnight stays at Pembrey Country Park as individuals or small groups.
Camping	Droplet, aerosolized, surface and fecal-oral	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Not currently allowed under WAG COVID19 regulations				N/A	Caravans, vans and motorhomes with self contained washing and toilet facilities are allowed				Y
Provision of communal Toilets	Droplet, aerosolized, surface and fecal-oral	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Not currently allowed under WAG COVID19 regulations	3	4	12	N	No toilets to be provided	0	4	0	Y
Hayfever	Droplet & aerosolized	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG	2	4	8	N	Club members / guests requested to take antihistamines or to use a face mask so as to reduce the risk of sneezing.	1	4	4	Y
Communal BBQ	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG . Hygiene practices. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	Communal BBQ cancelled unit further notice.	0	4	0	Y
Communal cooking	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	No communal cooking to occur outside of one social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Sharing of snacks & beverages	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	No communal sharing to occur outside of one social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Filling of water tanks & containers at stand point taps	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	Taps to be disinfected before and after use.	1	4	4	Y
Disposal of toilet waste into Elsan point	Droplet, aerosolized, surface and fecal-oral	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	Top of Elsan point to be disinfected prior to use. Hands to be washed / sanitised after completion of task.	1	4	4	Y
Refuse recycling /disposal	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	Yes	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	Hands to be washed / sanitised after completion of task.	1	4	4	Y
Entering other vans & vehicles	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	No entering into vans or vehicles that are outside of your social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Use of awnings	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	The use of awnings to be permitted for people in the same social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Hitching and sitting caravans	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	Only individuals or people in the same social bubble to undertake the siting of caravans	1	4	4	Y
Communal, coffees, teas, refreshments and snacks	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing	2	4	8	N	Not to occur with people outside of your social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Purchasing in of communal Take away foods	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	Not to occur with people outside of your social bubble.	1	4	4	Y
Paying for weekend camping fees etc	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	No cash transactions. All fees paid via bank transfer.	1	4	4	Y
Communal tents.	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	As it cannot be guaranteed that only people from one social bubble will use the club large dome tent or that a 2m distance can be maintained then the used of the dome tent is prohibited until further notice.	0	4	0	Y
Communal Shelter (use of)	Droplet, aerosolized & surface.	Low risk	Yes	No	Standard social distancing as recommended by WAG. Hand washing.	2	4	8	N	The use of the Communal Shelters is prohibited until firther notice.	0	4	0	Y
End of R/A	End of R/A				End of R/A					End of R/A